Currently, the technology of large language models is evolving rapidly and accelerating its integration in geological disaster prevention and control. It has been expanding the application scenarios and breaking the limitations in data analysis and complex modeling capabilities as well as innovating the traditional research paradigm. To further promote new breakthroughs in AI technologies in the intelligent prevention and control of geological disasters, this article reviews the evolution characteristics of large language model technology and the application scenarios in multiple fields, and also discusses the key technologies including small sample learning, multimodal data fusion, lightweight model and transfer application, as well as expert knowledge embedding and human-computer collaboration, which are also the main ideas and research focus directions for achieving intelligent identification of geological disaster hazards. The article also proposes an "AI + geological disasters" research framework, technical ideas and typical application scenarios based on core elements including "application scenarios, key issues, mechanism of action, data modalities, sample characteristics, model development, expert knowledge, and human-computer collaboration". This highlights the important value of AI technology in geological disasters research in solving the dealing with multi-dimensional, multi-scale, nonlinear and complex relationship modeling problems. The purpose of this article is to promote AI technologies to integrate into geological disaster prevention and control work at a deeper level, from data, models, and knowledge, and also better leverage AI technology to promote the development of disaster prevention and mitigation towards a greater precision and intelligence.

The prevention and response of geological hazards in linear engineering projects must consider safety throughout the project’s lifecycle. This involves specific strategies tailored to three distinct stages: planning and route selection, design and construction, and project operation. The planning and selection stage focuses on avoiding geological disaster risks. In the design and construction stage, engineering measures are implemented to prevent geological hazards from occurring or triggering. During project operation stage, the emphasis shift to monitoring, early warning, and efficient management of ongoing or potential geological hazards.

This study addresses the extreme rainfall event in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, in April 2024. Utilizing high-resolution remote sensing imagery before and after the rainfall, landslide boundary were delineated through visual interpretation and verified by field validation. A detailed landslide inventory of 6 310 shallow landslides was constructed. The spatial distribution, geometric characteristics, and controlling factors of these landslides were systematically analyzed. Key Results include: (1) Spatial Distribution: The landslides demonstrated significant spatial clustering, with high-density regions concentrated along a northeast-southwest axis. Most landslides were small-scale, ranging from 10² to 10³m². (2) Geometric Characteristics: The analysis revealed a strong correlation between landslide mobility, initiating elevation differences, and the aspect ratios. (3) Controlling Factors: Natural terrain factors such as elevation, slope gradient, aspect, and the topographic wetness index (TWI) significantly influenced landslide distribution and scale. Additionally, human activities and riverine dynamics also played critical roles in triggering these landslides. This study not only deepens the understanding of landslide mechanisms triggered by extreme rainfall, but also provides a scientific basis for regional landslide disaster prevention, mitigation, and early warning system development.

The loess region is characterized by complex geomorphological patterns. This region is prone to frequent earthquakes with serious seismic landslide disasters. Loess seismic landslides are affected by a variety of factors, including the topography and geomorphology of loess slopes, stratigraphic lithology, dynamic responses, strength and dynamic characteristics of loess, and hydrogeological conditions. Current research on loess seismic landslides primarily involves laboratory experiments, physical and numerical simulations, field investigations, and remote sensing and monitoring techniques. The research focuses on the mechanisms, development characteristics, distribution, dynamic responses, and stability of loess seismic landslides. This paper reviews the current state of both domestic and international research on loess seismic landslides, introduces the pseudo-dynamic method that considers seismic wave propagation characteristics, and outlines future research prospects based on this method. By analyzing the mechanics mechanisms of loess seismic landslide, investigating the seismic liquefaction phenomena of loess landslides, and discussing the instability characteristics of these landslides, this study proposes a calculation method to accurately evaluate the stability of loess seismic landslides. This research can provide a theoretical basis for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation in loess areas, and it represents a key focus for future studies.

Zhuhai City experiences abundant rainfall, which often triggers sudden geological hazards such as landslides and collapses．This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of 342 landslide and collapse events that occurred in Zhuhai City between 2013 and 2021, along with their associated rainfall characteristics. The study concludes that the occurrence of landslides and collapses in Zhuhai City is closely related to the daily rainfall and the cumulative rainfall over of the previous four days, classifying these events as typical rainfall-induced collapses and landslides．By analyzing the relationship between hazard occurrence and rainfall, an E-D early warning model based on effective rainfall thresholds was established. The model was tested using 153 collapse and landslide geological disasters from 2021 to 2023 in Zhuhai, resulting in an early warning accuracy of 91.5%．A single early warning test on May 12, 2022, showed a hit rate of 94.7%, a missed report rate of 5.3%, and a false alarm rate of 16.2% for the first, second, and third-level warning zones. The E-D early warning rainfall threshold model established in this study is suitable for the actual conditions in Zhuhai and can provide technical support for improving threshold models in early warning systems. It also offers a reference method for studying early warning techniques for collapse and landslide hazards in similar granite regions．

Sedongpu gully, situated in the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon in Xizang, is an area of frequent massive river-damming landslides that threaten the geological safety of border towns and major engineering projects. This study focused on a detailed analysis of two river-damming events that occurred on April 15 and May 14, 2024. The disaster formation processes, main causes, and developing trends were widely analyzed. From the methods of water level monitoring, ground motion monitoring, investigating by helicopter, and survey by high-altitude and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, the formation and development processes of these river-damming events were identified and analyzed. It was found that the disaster body slid along the gully reached 8 minutes and the river-damming lasted over 10 hours. The second disaster was relatively more serious because the landslide-dammed lake had not completely burst, which significantly aggravated the damming of the main channel of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Their causes were examined from topographical and geological conditions, seismic factors, and climate factors. It was determined that the Sedongpu gully has large height differences, fractured rock structures, and a rich source of loose deposits, which provides favorable conditions for disaster formation; the temperature rising during the alternation of the spring and summer leads to the acceleration of glacier melting and the enhancement of hydrodynamic effect, triggering the occurrence of river-damming disaster chain. Furthermore, it is believed that Sedongpu gully has entered an active period of river-damming disaster chain, based on the interpretation of the comprehensive remote sensing images. Our findings revealed that the major river-damming hazards that occurred in 2018 had caused significant changes to the river morphology of the Yarlung Zangbo River; subsequent large-scale river-damming events resulted in more and more clogged up with the river channel, which increased the risk of forming a giant landslide dam. Finally, this paper provided some suggestions for addressing the issues related to river damming, rising water, outburst flooding, monitoring, early warning, and disaster reduction measures for the high-altitude and long runout disasters in the Sedongpu gully.

The geological hazards of submarine landslides can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as offshore wind power, submarine optical cables, and marine platforms, posing a serious challenge to the major strategic task of building a maritime power and ensuring the geological safety of marine engineering. The article systematically reviews the research process of submarine landslide turbidity current geological hazards, summarizes the dynamic characteristics of submarine landslide-turbidity flow chain, dynamic erosion types, mechanisms of triggering, evolution, migration, erosion and sedimentation, theoretical models of erosion, and the influence of complex landforms such as uplift, canyons, and basins. A novel dynamic erosion approach is put forward of submarine landslide-turbidity flow chain, including quantitative, multiphase, whole process, erosion flow-state transformation. Finally, in view of the development of major projects such as offshore wind power, marine resource development, marine transportation, and marine engineering equipment, the geological model and identification technology are discussed of the erosion-prone structure of submarine landslide landslide-turbidity flow chain, as well as the composite, overlapping, and heterogeneous dynamic erosion mechanic model of the disaster chain, and the issues of prevention and control of boundary layer dynamic erosion.

With the intensification of global climate change, extreme rainfall events have become increasingly frequent, leading to recurrent rainfall-triggered landslides and causing significant casualties and economic losses. With the context of climate change, this study systematically reviews the research progress on advancements in probabilistic risk assessment of rainfall-triggered landslides, focusing on three key aspects: (1) slope reliability assessment under rainfall conditions considering climate change; (2) vulnerability assessment of slopes considering the uncertainty of rainfall patterns; and (3) rainfall-induced landslide hazard assessment based on machine learning methods. On this basis, this study further analyzes the multidimensional challenges faced by rainfall-triggered landslide risk assessment under climate change, including uncertainties associated with climate change, the lack of high spatio-temporal resolution geological and meteorological data, and the adaptability of models across different regions. Finally, from the perspectives of detailed geological surveys, multi-factor disaster gestation mechanisms, this study looks towards future research directions for enhancing resilience in rainfall-induced landslide disaster prevention, from landslide mechanisms under multiple factors, to resilience-based risk assessment. This study aims to provide theoretical support and methodological references for the disaster prevention and mitigation work of rainfall-triggered landslides, promoting the scientific, systematic, and refined development of landslide risk management.

Due to active tectonics, topography, and river dynamics, Liangshan Prefecture is highly susceptible to geological disasters in Sichuan Province. In order to find out the developmental patterns, characteristics, and prevalent disaster modes of geological disasters in Liangshan Prefecture, this paper uses data collection, mathematical statistics, field investigation and other methods to conducted a comprehensive analysis of geological disaster data, disaster situations, and major sudden geological disaster cases in Liangshan Prefecture. The results show that the primary geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture are landslides and mud-rock flows. The landslides are mainly medium and small scale soil landslides, and the mud-rock flows are mainly medium and small scale gully mudflows. Over the recorded period, Liangshan Prefecture experienced 23 geological disasters resulting in more than 10 fatalities. Between 2006 to 2020, 46 geological disasters occurred, mainly in the forms of debris flow. This paper identifies and refines seven typical geological disaster modes in Liangshan Prefecture. Notably, red bed landslides, prone to softening and disintegration in water with poor self-stability, constitute a significant landslide type. Reactivation of ancient landslides, widely distributed in the region, is triggered by human activities, river erosion, and other factors. Reservoir bank landslides are prevalent in the reservoir areas of Muli County, Butuo County, and Ningnan County, posing risks due to fluctuating reservoir water levels. There are many hidden dangers of bank collapse due to the influence of reservoir water level, and the slope Coal-bearing landslides are prominent in the southern coal measure stratum area, induced by unsustainable mining practices. Slag-type debris flow is one of the main types of debris flow in Liangshan Prefecture. The unreasonable stacking of slag, waste rock and tailings provides rich material sources for debris flow disasters. Liangshan Prefecture frequently experiences forest fires, and the burned land is easy to induce post-fire mud-rock flow after heavy rain. When the landslide disasters occurs in the upper reaches of gullies with strong tectonic activity and steep mountain potential, it is easy to rush out along the gully, blocking the river and forming a chain disaster. The research results can provide data support and scientific insights for disaster prevention and mitigation in Liangshan Prefecture.

This paper presents an analysis of the hydraulic model of the slope instability of a down-dipping soft sandwich slope, focusing on the southern slope landslide project of Fushun west open pit mine. The study investigates the effects of groundwater and rainfall infiltration on the slope deformation evolution process using numerical simulation analysis with FLAC^3D software. The sliding law of the slope with soft interlayer under the action of groundwater and rainfall infiltration is summarized. The results show that rainfall infiltration and groundwater flow produce osmotic pressure on the slope, causing the development of a large number of rupture surfaces on the slope. The maximum cumulative displacement is about 1.27 m resulting in a multi-stage landslide with a mixed landslide type. During the deformation and failure of the slope, tension failure is prone to occur along the weak layer near the slope top, providing a channel for surface water infiltration and groundwater migration, and showing the characteristics of multiple sliding surface, forming a continuous shear failure surface, which further leads to the multi-stage deformation of the slope. Under the influence of groundwater and rainfall infiltration, the water content in the weak layer of slope accumulates, resulting in damage and rupture, reducing the volume strain increment, lowering the effective stress, increasing the pore pressure, and reduing the shear strength, thereby inducing landslide. To improve the stability of the slope, the study compares different prevention and control schemes, including backfilling presser foot with different slope heights. The study finds that compared with the rainfall condition, the slope protected by backfilling presser foot with different slope heights has a higher safety factor. Considering the engineering practice, the backfilling and pressure protection up to half of the slope height has a better effect on preventing and controlling the slope, and the slope is more stable.

Long-runout rockslides at high altitude have caused lots of severe casualties and huge economic losses in the world, becoming a focus issue in researches on mitigation for large-scale geological disasters. This paper systematically reviews the research process of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides and believes that conventional research on “high velocity and long runout” is difficult to adapt to the requirements of complex geohazards prevention and mitigation in high and extra-high mountains. The methodology on high-altitude and long-runout rockslides has been proposed that includes in the initiation at the high-position, the dynamics of chain-style disasters with a long-runout traveling and the risk assessment and mitigation. Then, the disaster-prone geostructure characteristics and early identification techniques of the high-altitude initiation zone, the long-runout transferring mechanism and boundary layer effect of high-velocity debris avalanche, and risk assessment and mitigation issues have been explored. Through the study in the high mountain and extra-high mountains of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau indicates that the potential flow transferring mechanism of debris avalanche in high-altitude rockslides, the boundary layer effect of turbulent fluid and the plowing bodies. It is proposed that energy dissipation and risk mitigation methods can be used by modifying the boundary layer bottom slope of high potential debris avalanche, to increase the generation of turbulent kinetic energy in the boundary layer, and the dead zone range in front of barrier piles. Three research directions have been discussed, including the initiating mechanism of disaster-prone geostructure, the dynamic process of high-altitude and long-runout disaster chains, and the theory and technology of risk prevention and mitigation.

Understanding the primary and secondary relations of influencing factors is crucial for predicting deformation and controlling collapse in cutting slopes. Using a cutting slope along the Shuangcheng to Dalijia expressway in Gansu Province as the research object, this research utilized the FLAC^3D finite element software platform to establish dynamic correlations between saturation, gravity, and soil shear strength through FISH language. Based on this, safety factors of the cutting slope were calculated under different rainfall intensities, slope ratios, and rainfall duration. Grey relational theory was applied to determine the primary and secondary relationships of key factors affecting shallow collapse of cutting slopes under rainfall conditions. Indoor rainfall experiments and on-site ecological protection tests were conducted to summarize the shallow collapse mechanism and propose the environmental control measures. The study revealed that the failure mode of cutting slopes transitioned from deep overall sliding to shallow local sliding during rainfall. As the slope ratio decreased, the shallow collapse area gradually shifted from the slope shoulder to the foot of the cutting slope. Cumulative erosion rates of shallow soil in cutting slopes decreased initially and then increased over time during rainfall. Installing arch skeletons and reducing the slope ratio enhanced the cutting slope's resistance against shallow collapses. Among with the protective materials, polypropylene fiber-reinforced soil protective materials exhibited the best timeliness and ecological control effect for shallow collapses of cutting slopes compared to HP-FGM and EFM materials.

Extreme rainfall is often accompanied by mass geological disasters, which seriously endangers the safety of people 's lives and property in prone areas and affects the healthy development of the economy and society. Summarizing and analyzing the time-space distribution characteristics of geological disasters due to extreme rainfall and the effectiveness of early warning is of great significance for improving the comprehensive defense ability against geological disasters. Taking the sudden geological disasters caused by “23•7” heavy rainfall in 2023 as the research object, based on the refined precipitation data from the Beijing sudden geological disaster monitoring and early warning system, the time-space distribution characteristics of “23•7” heavy rainfall and the development and distribution characteristics of geological disasters were analyzed, and the early warning effect of geological disasters was discussed. The results show that the“23•7”heavy rainfall has the characteristics such as a large total amount, strong rainfall, long duration and wide range, and the disasters due to extreme rainfall have the characteristics of group occurrence. The multi-dimensional early warning of geological disaster classification has achieved remarkable results and has achieved the goal of zero casualties due to geological disasters under extreme weather conditions. The research results can provide a reference for actively preventing and scientifically responding to extreme rainfall geological disasters.

On September 17, 2020, a landslide occurred in Hongzhai Village, Jichang Town, Qinglong County, Guizhou Province, resulting in serious damage to 134 houses and emergency evacuation of 569 people from 127 households. Investigation revealed that the Hongzhai landslide is a deep-seated large-scale landslide with a volume of approximately 6.25×10⁶ m³. Although surface buildings and infrastructure were severely damaged, the overall movement distance of the landslide was extremely short. Through comprehensive analysis including terrain geomorphology, rock and soil structure and material composition analysis, assessment of hydrological changes, and disclosure of multiple slip surfaces through borehole drilling, it was concluded that the Hongzhai landslide is a resurrected ancient landslide along bedding planes. In order to analyze and study the deformation characteristics and resurrection causes of the landslide, methods including UAV aerial survey, engineering geological survey, rock and soil mass investigation, and geophysical exploration were employed to obtain detailed data on disaster development characteristics, influencing factors, and identification features of ancient landslides. The results show that the Hongzhai landslide can be divided into four zones (A, B, C, D) based on deformation and stress transfer direction, with zone B further divided into subzones B1 and B2 based on relative displacement. The deformation and resurrection of the landslide occurred under the joint effects of steep terrain, complex rock mass structures, weak engineering rock masses, and continuous surface infiltration. Various features such as the arm-chair shaped topography at the back edge of the landslide, material differences between the slide body and surrounding rock and soil masses, fault-cutting front edges, and changes in hydrological sedimentation verify the existence of the ancient landslide.

The upper reaches of the Yellow River, located on the northeastern edge of the tectonically active Qinghai Tibet Plateau, are characterized by complex geological conditions that have led to a high incidence of geological disasters such as landslides and collapses. This study focuses on the secondary landslide at the front part of the Xijitan landslide on the north side in Jiangla Village, Garang Township, Guide County, Qinghai Province. Using methods including unmanned aerial vehicle surveying, InSAR surface displacement monitoring, and on-site investigation methods, a detailed analysis of the geological environmental conditions, development characteristics, and reactivation mechanism of the landslide are conducted. On-site investigation results indicate that the rock mass structure in the landslide area is fragmented, with concentrated rainfall. The main exposed strata are Neogene mudstone and Holocene slope deposits. Multiple large cracks and tension bands are developed at the rear edge of the landslide, and the surface deformation is obvious, in the stage of creep deformation. Analysis of the mechanism of landslide reactivation reveals that densely developed structures play a controlling role in the reactivation of secondary landslides, and the softening of mudstone caused by concentrated rainfall is a key factor in inducing landslide reactivation. The interaction between two factors continuously reduce the integrity and strength of the rock mass, leading to the deformation and reactivation of secondary landslides. The research results aim to provide a theoretical basis for disaster prevention and reduction work in the upper reaches of the Yellow River.

Early warning of geo-hazards based on meteorological factors has played an important supportive role in disaster prevention and mitigation in China since its inception in 2003. This paper summarizes the the 20-year development process, technical methods, and disaster reduction effects of the early warning works. (1) The development process of early warning work process is divided into three stages: initiation and promotion (2003-2009), deepening cooperation (2010-2017), and reform and enhancement (2018-2022). (2) With 24-hour early warning work as the main content, a progressive warning model and a relatively complete warning service system have been gradually formed. (3) Three sets of early warning model technology and method systems have been gradually developed, including critical precipitation threshold model, the threshold model based on geo-hazards risk, and the dynamic early warning models, with the publication of industry standards for warning. (4) The spatial and temporal accuracy of warning products continues to improve, with the national and 26 provincial warning spatial accuracies exceeding 5 km × 5 km. The focus is on 24-hour warnings, with development towards 72-hour and medium- to long-term forecasts. Over 8 provincial-level and some municipal and county-level authorities have implemented 3-hour short-term warnings, gradually forming a work system to support service short impending warning response, medium-term prevention and long term deployment. (5) Where there is warning, there is response. The Ministry of Natural Resources has taken the national early warning as one of the bases for initiating defense responses, and 18 provinces have clarified the working mechanisms of the early warning response linkage. (6) The awareness of multi-party disaster prevention has been continuously enhanced. With strengthened inspections,evacuations, and successful risk aversion after receiving early warning information, the effectiveness of disaster prevention and mitigation is evident. The experience of early warning works in the past 20-year can provide reference for the next step in promoting the early warning of geo-hazards based on meteorological factors, supporting the enhancement of China’s capability and level of geo-hazards prevention and control work.

In recent years, rock avalanche disasters have been occurring frequently in southwest China, which seriously affect the regional ecological environment and human activities. To understand the fragmentation characteristics of the avalanche masses during their movement, this study is based on the field investigation of the rock avalanche in Zongling Town, Nayong County. The dynamic fragmentation process of the rock avalanche during the failure and accumulation stages was simulated using the particle discrete element method. Additionally, the distribution characteristics of the maximum feret’s diameter of the fragments within the rock avalanche mass were statistically analyzed. The results show that: (1) Under the effect of gravity, the internal structural joints of the rock avalanche rapidly interconnected, dividing the avalanche mass into numerous fragmented blocks that eventually slid along the down-dip joint surfaces. (2) The collapse exhibited significant fragmentation phenomena in the entire movement process, with extensive disintegration during the initial failure and friction-induced tearing and cracking fragmentation during the accumulation stage. (3) The feret’s diameter distribution curves of the fragments at different time intervals were fitted using Weibull two-parameter distribution model and fractal geometry theory. The results showed that the fragmentation degree of the avalanche during the accumulation stage (t = 21.7 to 72.4 s) was weaker than that during the initial failure stage (t = 0 to 21.7 s). The fractal dimension of the fragments and the proportion of fine-grained fragments continuously increased throughout the entire movement process, once again confirming the fragmentation and disintegration phenomena during the entire process of failure and accumulation. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for revealing the dynamic fragmentation mechanism of the Zongling rock avalanche, and provide scientific guidance for the prevention and control of rock avalanche disasters in the mountainous areas of southwest China.

The mound landslides in the Qinba Mountain area are characterized by their large number, wide distribution, high density, and high frequency occurence, with excavation-induced landslides being particularly severe. This study focuses on the gravel soils from the mine hole landslide in the third group of Lingfeng Village, Xiaoling Town, Qinba Mountain area. Through large-scale direct shear tests conducted in the laboratory, an in-depth investigation of the gravelly soils in the study area was carried out. The variation rules of shear strength under different moisture contents, dry densities, and normal stresses were explored. Based on the results of these indoor tests, the Midas GTS NT finite element numerical simulation software was used to calculate and analyze the slope conditions before the occurrence of the landslide. Simulations were conducted to analyze the changes in stress, displacement, and stability of the slope after excavation and under two working conditions: post-excavation and post-excavation coupled with rainfall. Finally, the mechanism of typical excavation-induced landslides in stockpiles is summarized based on these findings. It was found by numerical simulation: human engineering activities, i.e., excavation of the toe of slopes and heavy rainfall occurring in the area, are the main triggering factors for landslides: the deformation pattern of typical excavation-induced landslides in the Qinba Mountains can be summarised as: traction-creep-slip type.The research results can provide valuable reference for the prevention and control of excavation-induced landslides in accumulation layers in the Qinba Mountain area.

Studying the kinematics of landslides is crucial for analyzing failure mechanism and designing remedial measures. This paper focuses on the Tandjiawan landslide that occurred during a highway construction. Five periods of high-resolution digital orthophoto maps (DOM) were generated using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)- based photogrammetry, spanning both pre- and post- landslide conditions. Two successive UAV orthophotos were treated as observation periods, and corresponding features were identified in both images to establish monitoring points. Furthermore, two-dimensional displacement vectors were then computed by comparing orthographic images from each observation period based on these corresponding features. The analysis of kinematics and failure mechanism were conducted in conjunction with geological surveys and inclinometer measurements. The findings reveal that there was no significant deformation in the landslide area before the engineering construction of the highway (1st observation period). After construction, during the second observation period (March 15, 2021, to June 6, 2021), the third observation period (June 6, 2021, to September 8, 2021), and the fourth observation period (September 8, 2021, to November 3, 2021), the average deformation rates of the main sliding area of the landslide were 53.0 mm/day, 103.2 mm/day and 62.5 mm/day, respectively. By the fifth observation period (November 3, 2021, to January 3, 2022), the deformation rates had trended towards zero. The deposition of spoil at the rear of the landslide during the second observation period was the direct triggering factor, and rainfall facilitated the development of landslide deformation. As the rainy season ended and the front-end loading increased, the landslide deformation rate gradually decreased. This paper demonstrates that multi-period UAV photogrammetry can provide spatiotemporal surface deformation information for landslide areas, serving as an effective tools for landslide deformation monitoring.

Heixiluo gully, located in Suxiong Town, Ganluo County of Sichuan Province, experienced a catastrophic debris flow disaster at 8:00 a.m. on August 31, 2020, causing significant losses to local residents, as well as to the Chengdu–Kunming railway bridges and infrastructure. To Study the activity and dynamic characteristics of the debris flow in Heixiluo gully, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using field investigations, on-site observations, and high-precision DEM data from the study area. The formation conditions and activity characteristics of the “8•31” debris flow were studied, and the Massflow software was utilized to simulate and verify the debris flow, inversely simulating the dynamic evolution process of the debris flow in Heixiluo Gully, and quantitatively evaluating the dynamic characteristics of the“8•31”debris flow. The study indicates that the “8•31” debris flow mainly underwent a“snowballing” cycle of processes, including “rainfall runoff convergence-, incision and erosion on the sides, sedimentation and selection on the first-level platform, erosion on the rear side of the platform, further sedimentation and selection on the second-level platform, further incision and erosion on the rear side of the platform, bank slope collapse, blockage and collapse, river blockage, formation of barrier lakes, and dam breach discharge.” Based on the Massflow analysis of the dynamic process of the debris flow, the simulated peak discharge, flow velocity, flow depth, erosion, and sedimentation depths in each gully segment match the measured data, confirming the reliability of this method. Through this method, the dynamic characteristics of debris flow can be more intuitively analyzed, providing a theoretical basis for subsequent disaster prevention and mitigation works.