Advances in the study of glacier avalanches in Tibet
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摘要: 随着全球气候的变暖，青藏高原地区冰川消融、退缩加剧，稳定性降低，增加了冰崩灾害的发生频率。西藏地区作为青藏高原的主体部分，其冰川的稳定影响着我国及周边国家的水源及生命财产安全。文章通过梳理国内外冰崩的研究现状，整理了西藏地区冰崩灾害的定义；从地形因素、构造运动和气候作用角度分析了冰崩形成机制；归纳分析了冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流链式灾害、冰崩—堵溃—泥石流链式灾害、冰崩—直接型泥石流（山洪）灾害3种类型冰崩灾害链的特征；阐述了目前冰崩灾害监测预警的手段及特点，认为多种监测方式联合是冰崩灾害监测的发展趋势，展望了冰崩灾害的研究体系，以期能为后续的研究工作提供思路。Abstract: With the global warming, glaciers in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are melting and retreating rapidly, and the stability of glaciers are decreasing. As the main part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, stability of glaciers affect the safety of water, life and property in China and neighboring countries. This paper summarized the research status of ice avalanches at home and abroad, and reorganized the definition of ice avalanche disasters in Tibet; Analyzed the formation mechanism of ice avalanche from the topography, tectonic movement and climate; Summarized and analyzed the characteristics of three types of ice avalanche disaster chains. Ice avalanche- glacial lake outburst- debris flow chain disaster, ice avalanche-blocking and outburst - debris flow chain disaster, ice avalanche-debris flow (flash flood) chain disaster; Described the current methods and characteristics of ice avalanche disasters monitoring and warning, and it is believed that the trend is for a combination of multiple monitoring methods for ice avalanche disaster monitoring. The research system of ice avalanche disasters is prospected in order to provide ideas for future research work.
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Key words:
- Tibet /
- glacier avalanches /
- glacial lake outburst /
- debris flow /
- disaster-chain
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图 1 1949—2020年西藏地区里氏4.0级以上地震分布图
Figure 1. Distribution of seismic with Richter scale above 4.0 in Tibet from 1949 to 2020
图 2 1949—2020年西藏地区冰崩分布图
Figure 2. Ice avalanche distribution in Tibet from 1949 to 2020
图 4 西藏地区近70年年平均降水量、气温变化图
Figure 4. Variation of annual mean rainfall and temperature in Tibet in recent 70 years
图 5 1949—2020年西藏地区冰崩发生月份分布图
Figure 5. Monthly distribution of ice avalanche in Tibet from 1949 to 2020
表 1 1949—2020年西藏地区冰崩统计
Table 1. Ice avalanche statistics in Tibet from 1949 to 2020
地点 年月 成因 成灾形式 地区 则隆弄冰川[3,32] 1950年8月 地震 冰崩—泥石流—堵塞坝 米林县 桑旺错[22,33-34] 1954年7月 气候 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流—洪水 康马县 次仁玛措[22,35] 1964年 冰崩—冰湖溃决 聂拉木县 章藏错[34] 1964年 冰崩-洪水-泥石流 聂拉木县 隆达错[20] 1964年8月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流 吉隆县 吉莱错[33,35] 1964年9月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流 定结县 达门拉咳错[20,33-35] 1964年9月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流 工布江达县 阿亚错[20,33-35] 1968年/1969年/1970年8月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流—洪水 定日县 坡戈错[20,33-35] 1972年7月 高温 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流 索县 坡戈冰湖[35] 1974年7月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—洪水 丁青县 扎日错[20,33-35] 1981年6月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流 洛扎县 次仁玛措[20,35-38] 1981年7月 高温 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流 聂拉木县 印达普错[22,35] 1982年8月 定结县 金错[39] 1982年8月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—洪水—泥石流 定结县 培龙沟上游[21,34] 1983年7月/1984年8月/1985年6月 气候 冰崩—临时性冰湖-冰湖溃决-泥石流 林芝县 光谢错[20-21,33,40] 1988年7月 气候 冰崩—冰湖溃决-泥石流—堵江 波密县 热杰错[35] 1992年9/10月 冰崩—冰湖溃决 亚东县 夏嘎湖[35] 1995年5月 高温 冰崩—洪水 乃东县 扎那泊[35] 1995年6月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流 吉隆县 扎木弄沟[41] 2000年4月 地震 冰崩—滑坡—堰塞湖—泥石流 波密县 龙纠错[35,39] 2000年8月 康马县 冲巴吓错[42] 2000年8月 冰滑坡—冰湖溃决—泥石流 康马县 嘉龙错[20,21,34-35] 2002年5/6月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流—洪水 聂拉木县 得嘎错[20,21,34] 2002年9月 冰崩—冰湖溃决—泥石流—洪水 洛扎县 浪错[22,39,43] 2007年8月 错那县 尖母普曲[34] 2008年4月 冰崩—泥石流—洪水 林芝县 折麦错[39,44] 2009年7月 错那县 错嘎湖[22,39] 2009年7月 边坝县 给曲冰湖[39] 2010年7月 定结县 然则日阿错[3] 2013年7月 气候 冰、雪崩—冰湖溃决—洪水—泥石流 嘉黎县 那隆藏布沟[35] 2014年6月 气候 冰崩—泥石流—冰湖溃决—洪水 波密县 土拉沟冰湖[35] 2015年7月 气候 冰崩堵塞管涌通道—冰湖溃决—洪水 边坝县 阿汝村[1,3,45] 2016年7/9月 气候 冰崩 日土县 色东普沟[3,11] 2014年/2017年10/12月/2018年7/10月 降雨 冰崩—碎屑流—堵江 米林县 
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