Preliminary analysis on basic characteristics and mechanism of rockfalls in layered red rocks with gentle dip angle: A case study of the Tiejiangwan rockfall in Hongya County, Sichuan province
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摘要: 红层区常发育缓倾角岩质边坡，因其软硬相间的岩性组合，地质灾害频发、灾害严重。基于光学卫星遥感、无人机航空摄影测量、现场调查等天空地一体化的技术手段，以2021年4月5日发生的四川洪雅铁匠湾缓倾角红层岩质崩塌为研究对象，探讨了崩塌的基本特征和成因机理，分析了铁匠湾陡崖区崩塌灾害发展趋势，以期为红层区类似灾害的研究提供资料支撑。结果表明，铁匠湾崩塌可分为主崩塌区和崩塌影响区两个区域，其中主崩塌区包括崩源区1处、铲刮区1处、堆积区1处、流水二次搬运堆积区1处，崩塌影响区包括潜在崩源区1处、扰动变形区5处。崩塌源区具有“上硬下软”的岩石组合，岩体发育两组近于垂直的优势结构面，2013年已表现出变形迹象，在降雨、温差的持续作用下导致了源区危岩体的最终失稳垮塌，巨大的冲击力作用于危岩体下方的老崩塌堆积体和基岩，引起崩塌-碎屑流灾害链。在光学遥感影像解译和野外调查的基础上，认为铁匠湾崩塌存在二次崩塌的风险，在崩塌邻区识别出类似崩塌隐患点6处，建议采用无人机、机载LiDAR等技术手段开展铁匠湾陡崖区崩塌隐患的早期识别与持续监测。Abstract: Gentle dip angle rock slopes are often developed in layered red rocks, which are prone to geological disasters due to the combination of soft and hard lithology. This paper discusses the Tiejiangwan rockfall that occurred on April 5, 2021, in Hongya County of Sichuan province, China, on a layered red rocks slope with a gentle dip angle. Using an air-space-ground integrated Earth Observation Network, including optical remote sensing, UAV aerial photogrammetry, and on-site investigation, the study analyzes the basic characteristics and mechanism of rockfall and predicts the development trend of similar disasters in the steep cliff area of layered red rocks. The results show that the Tiejiangwan rockfall can be divided into two areas, namely the main rockfall area and the rockfall influence area. The main rockfall area comprises one rockfall source area, one shoveling area, one accumulation area, and one water secondary transportation accumulation area. The rockfall influence area includes one potential rockfall source area and five disturbance deformation areas. The rockfall source area has a combination of hard rocks at the top and soft rocks at the bottom, and the rock mass develops two groups of nearly vertical dominant structural planes. In 2013, the source area showed signs of deformation, which eventually lead to the instability of the dangerous rock mass due to the continuous effect of rainfall and temperature differences. The huge impact force caused the rockfall debris flow disaster chain, affecting the old rockfall accumulation body and bedrock under the dangerous rock mass. Optical remote sensing images and field investigation indicate the risk of secondary collapse in Tiejiangwan rockfall. Additionally, six similar potential rockfalls were identified in the adjacent area. To prevent similar disasters, it is recommended to use UAV aerial photogrammetry and airborne LiDAR for early identification and continuous monitoring of potential rockfalls in the steep cliff area of the Tiejianwan. The findings of this study provide valuable data support for the study of similar disasters in layered red rocks.
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Key words:
- rockfall /
- zoning characteristics /
- genetic mechanism /
- gentle dip angle /
- layered red rocks
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图 2 铁匠湾崩塌分区特征及野外照片
a-光学遥感精细解译图；b-崩源区、铲刮区无人机照片；c-崩源区野外照片；d-铲刮区野外照片；e-堆积区野外照片；1-崩塌边界；2-崩塌前房屋分布区
Figure 2. Subarea features and field photos of the Tiejiangwan rockfall
a-detailed optical remote sensing interpretation map; b-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photos of rockfall source area and scraping area; c-field photos of the rockfall source area; d-field photos of the scraping area; e-field photos of the stockpile area; 1- rockfall boundary; 2-the distribution area of houses before the rockfall
图 3 崩塌地质剖面（a）及崩塌碎屑流运动速度分布图（b）
1-夹关组；2-蓬莱镇组；3-遂宁组；4-沙溪庙组；5-砂岩；6-粉砂质泥岩；7-岩层产状
Figure 3. (a) Geological cross-section diagram of the rockfall and (b) velocity distribution of the debris flow movement
1-jiaguan formation; 2-penglaizhen formation; 3-suining formation; 4- shaximiao formation; 5- sandstone; 6- silty mudstone; 7- rock occurrence
图 4 铁匠湾崩塌源区多期遥感影像对比图
a-WorldView-2影像，拍摄时间为2013年4月17日；b-WorldView-2影像，拍摄时间为2018年11月25日；c-WorldView-2影像，拍摄时间为2019年2月5日；d-无人机影像，拍摄时间为2021年4月29日
Figure 4. Multi-period remote sensing images comparison of the source area of the Tiejiangwan rockfall
a-worldview-2 image, taken on April 17,2013; b-worldview-2 image, taken on November 25, 2018; c-worldview-2 image, taken on February 5, 2019; d-the UAV image, taken on April 29, 2021;
图 5 崩塌前降雨过程和温差变化柱状图
Figure 5. Histogram of rainfall process and temperature variation before rockfall
图 6 铁匠湾陡崖区及潜在崩塌隐患分布图
a-陡崖区WorldView-2光学卫星影像；b-d-陡崖区野外照片；e-f-潜在崩塌隐患WorldView-2光学卫星影像
Figure 6. Distribution map of the steep cliff area and potential rockfalls in the Tiejiangwan area
a-WorldView-2 optical satellite image of steep cliff area; b-d-field photos of steep cliff area; e-f-WorldView-2 optical satellite image of potential rockfalls
表 1 铁匠湾崩塌光学遥感精细解译统计表
Table 1. Statistical table of optical remote sensing interpretation in Tiejiangwan rockfall
名称 编号 面积（m2） 厚度（m） 估算体积（104 m3） 潜在崩源区 Ⅰ 2311 110 25.42 崩源区 Ⅱ 9578 110 105.36 铲刮区 Ⅲ 30573 15 45.86 堆积区 Ⅳ 146296 10 146.30 流水二次搬运堆积区 Ⅴ 8852 3 2.66 扰动变形区 A 4836 15 7.25 B 2874 10 2.87 C 9190 5 4.60 D 3104 5 1.55 E 2004 5 1.00 
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