青藏高原东北部黄土区柠条锦鸡儿根系的锚固效应

刘亚斌; 梁燊; 石川; 王舒; 胡夏嵩; 李国荣; 朱海丽

doi:10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202208024

青藏高原东北部黄土区柠条锦鸡儿根系的锚固效应

doi: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202208024

刘亚斌^{1, 2,},
梁燊^1, ,,
石川¹,
王舒¹,
胡夏嵩^{1, 2},
李国荣^{1, 2},
朱海丽^{1, 2}

1.
青海大学地质工程系，青海西宁　810016
2.
青藏高原北缘新生代资源环境重点实验室，青海西宁　810016

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42002283）；第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目（2019QZKK0905）

详细信息

作者简介:
刘亚斌（1987-），男，青海西宁人，副教授，主要从事生态工程地质等方面的研究工作。E-mail：liuyabincug@163.com

通讯作者:
梁　燊（1999-），男，青海湟源人，硕士研究生，从事生态工程地质研究工作。E-mail：ls111630@163.com

中图分类号: P643.22
计量
- 文章访问数: 760
- HTML全文浏览量: 174
- PDF下载量: 167
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-08-15
- 修回日期: 2022-10-14
- 网络出版日期: 2023-07-27
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-25

The root anchorage effect of shrub species Caragana Korshinskii Kom. in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Yabin LIU^{1, 2
,},
Shen LIANG^{1
, ,},
Chuan SHI¹,
Shu WANG¹,
Xiasong HU^{1, 2},
Guorong LI^{1, 2},
Haili ZHU^{1, 2}

1.
Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai　810016, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Resources and Environment on the Northern Edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Xining, Qinghai　810016, China

摘要

摘要: 柠条锦鸡儿是青藏高原东北部黄土区主要的护坡和水土保持灌木，然而对该灌木根系锚固作用机理及其固土护坡效应方面仍缺乏系统性认识。鉴于此，该项研究在阐明柠条锦鸡儿根系锚固机理的基础上，提出了根系对黄土斜（边）坡浅层土体稳定性贡献计算模型。在此基础上，以研究区内生长期为11 a的柠条锦鸡儿为主要研究对象，通过现场根系挖掘试验、原位拉拔试验和理论分析，明确了假定滑动面条件下根系锚固力取值，并进一步定量评价了柠条锦鸡儿根系对黄土浅层滑坡稳定性的增强作用。结果表明：由于根系在地表没有“锚头”结构，故在确定滑动面几何特征的情况下，柠条锦鸡儿根系所能提供的实际锚固力大小取滑动面以下锚固段根系最大抗拔出力和滑动面以上根系锚固反力之间的最小值较为合理；生长期为11 a的单株柠条锦鸡儿根系锚固于最大厚度为2 m的圆弧形滑动面不同条块上时，潜在滑动面稳定性系数增幅为0.018%～0.427%，当单株根系锚固力作用于潜在滑动面中上部条块时，潜在滑动面稳定性系数相对高于根系锚固力作用于最顶部和下部条块；当4株柠条锦鸡儿根系以2块条块的间距（约3 m）作用于潜在滑动面时，潜在滑动面稳定性系数可提高1.035%～1.111%，显著高于（P<0.05，ANOVA）单株根系作用时的稳定性系数。试验株根系锚固作用能够提高降雨入渗条件下黄土斜（边）坡浅层土体稳定性，但是作用效果有限。
- 黄土斜(边)坡 /
- 浅层滑坡 /
- 垂直根型灌木 /
- 柠条锦鸡儿 /
- 锚固机理 /
- 稳定性系数
Abstract: Shrub species Caragana korshinskii Kom. dominates slope protection and soil and water conservation in the loess area of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. However, the root anchoring mechanism and the effects of soil consolidation and slope protection of this shrub species remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the anchoring mechanism of roots of the C. korshinskii roots and establish a calculation model to evaluate their contribution to the stability of shallow loess slopes. C. korshinskii plants with an 11-year growth period were selected as the study subject. The anchoring force of C. korshinskii roots was determined through in-situ excavation tests, in-situ root pullout tests, and theoretical analysis, along with their impact on the stability of shallow loess soil slopes. The results showed that, due to the absence of a “bolt head” structure on the root surface, it was reasonable to consider the anchoring force provided by the roots as the minimum value between the maximum pullout resistance of the roots below the sliding surface and the anchoring reaction force of the roots above the sliding surface, based on the geometric characteristics of the sliding surface. When the roots of an 11-year-old C. korshinskii roots were anchored on different sliding blocks of a shallow landslide with a maximum thickness of 2 meters, the stability coefficient of the potential sliding surface increased by 0.020% to 0.408%. When the roots of a single plant were anchored in the middle and upper parts of the potential sliding surface, the stability coefficient of the potential sliding surface was relatively higher than when the plant roots were anchored at the top and bottom positions. Moreover, when four C. korshinskii roots were anchored to the shallow landslide with a row spacing of two sliding blocks (approximately 3 m), the stability coefficient of the potential sliding surface increased by 1.035% to 1.111%, which was significantly higher than when a single C. korshinskii root was anchored (P<0.05, ANOVA). The anchorage effect of the root systems could enhance the stability of shallow soil on loess slopes under rainfall infiltration conditions, but the effectiveness was limited.
- loess slope /
- shallow landslide /
- taproot type shrub species /
- Caragana korshinskii Kom. /
- anchorage mechanism /
- stability coefficient

HTML全文

图 1 柠条锦鸡儿根系锚固黄土斜坡浅层土体及其锚固机理示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the shallow soil body of the C. korshinskii roots anchoring loess and its anchoring mechanism

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 假定滑动面以上根系原位挖掘试验

Figure 2. In-situ excavation test of root system above the hypothetical sliding surface

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 简化边坡模型

注：图中红色线段为限定的滑动面剪入口和剪出口的区域。

Figure 3. Simplified slope model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 试验株地上植株和根系形态学指标统计

Table 1. Statistical analysis of morphological indexes of above-ground plants and root system above the hypothetical sliding surface of the testing plants

植株及根系指标	树龄/a	冠幅/m	株高/m	总根数/根	根幅/m	一级侧根/根	二级侧根/根	三级侧根/根	主根平均根径/ m	总根长/m	根表面积/m²
取值	11	1.76	2.20	27	1.99	20	3	3	0.027	34	0.87

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 试验株根周土体物理力学特性

Table 2. Physical and mechanical properties of root-soil interface of the testing plants

物理力学性质	天然密度/（g·cm⁻²）	天然含水量/%	黏聚力/kPa	内摩擦角/（°）
取值	1.40±0.08	7.56±1.21	15.83±7.97	13.56±4.25

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 试验株锚固段根系原位拉拔试验结果

Table 3. In-situ pullout test results of root system in anchoring section of testing plants

序号	抗拔出力/kN	拉拔端根径/m	断裂方式
1	0.206	0.007	根皮和木质部同时拉断
2	1.243	0.020
3	0.519	0.005
4	1.666	0.012
5	1.168	0.011

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 试验株生长于不同条块时锚固反力计算参数与结果

Table 4. Calculation parameters and results of anchoring reaction force of testing plants growing on different blocks

条块号	根-土间黏聚力/kPa	根-土间摩擦角/（°）	单根平均根径/m	根系垂直埋置深度/m	静止土压力系数	土体重度/（kN·m⁻³）	锚固反力/kN
1	8.31	12.51	0.040	0.461	0.6	17.7	0.513
2	8.31	12.51	0.033	1.204	0.6	17.7	1.207
3	8.31	12.51	0.029	1.655	0.6	17.7	1.546
4	8.31	12.51	0.027	1.912	0.6	17.7	1.709
5	8.31	12.51	0.027	2.000	0.6	17.7	1.805
6	8.31	12.51	0.027	2.000	0.6	17.7	1.805
7	8.31	12.51	0.027	1.930	0.6	17.7	1.729
8	8.31	12.51	0.029	1.748	0.6	17.7	1.650
9	8.31	12.51	0.033	1.485	0.6	17.7	1.529
10	8.31	12.51	0.033	1.147	0.6	17.7	1.141
11	8.31	12.51	0.036	0.737	0.6	17.7	0.762
12	8.31	12.51	0.040	0.257	0.6	17.7	0.278
注：表中单根平均根径取对应条块滑动面深度范围内主根平均根径；根系垂直埋置深度取值为对应条块滑动面深度，即滑动面中间点至地表的距离。

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 柠条锦鸡儿根系锚固作用下边坡潜在滑动面稳定性系数计算结果

Table 5. Calculation results of stability coefficient of potential sliding surface in the C. korshinskii roots system anchored slope

锚固力作用条块号	土条自重 /kPa	土条宽度 /m	圆弧破坏面切线与水平面的夹角/（°）	根系锚固段轴线与该处破坏面切线之间的夹角/（°）	根系水平间距/m	圆弧破坏面处土体内摩擦角/（°）	圆弧破坏面处土体黏聚力 /kPa	根系锚固力/kN	稳定性系数	增幅/%
1	7.374	0.903	57.966	32.034	2	12.510	8.310	0.513	1.3391	0.156
2	19.252	0.903	50.216	39.784	2	12.510	8.310	1.207	1.3417	0.349
3	26.465	0.903	43.601	46.399	2	12.510	8.310	1.546	1.3426	0.417
4	30.577	0.903	37.659	52.341	2	12.510	8.310	1.709	1.3427	0.427
5	29.967	0.839	32.352	57.648	2	12.510	8.310	1.805	1.3425	0.414
6	29.967	0.839	27.531	62.469	2	12.510	8.310	1.805	1.3420	0.378
7	30.434	0.891	22.776	67.224	2	12.510	8.310	1.729	1.3413	0.324
8	27.560	0.891	18.043	71.957	2	12.510	8.310	1.650	1.3406	0.272
9	23.414	0.891	13.435	76.565	2	12.510	8.310	1.529	1.3399	0.217
10	18.082	0.891	8.914	81.086	2	12.510	8.310	0.513	1.3388	0.134
11	11.619	0.891	4.449	85.551	2	12.510	8.310	1.207	1.3379	0.071
12	4.055	0.891	0.010	89.990	2	12.510	8.310	1.546	1.3372	0.018
A	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.3510	1.047
B	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.3519	1.111
C	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.3508	1.035
对照	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.3370	-
注：该项研究根系所能提供的锚固力取值为试验株根系单株作用在各条块时对应的锚固反力，并假设锚固力方向铅垂向下，故灌木根系锚固段轴线与该处破坏面切线之间的夹角为滑块滑动面切线与铅垂方向的夹角；灌木根系的水平间距取值由野外实际测量数据确定。

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(40)

[1]	张西营,马海州,谭红兵. 青藏高原东北部黄土沉积化学风化程度及古环境[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2004,24(2):43 – 47. [ZHANG Xiying,MA Haizhou,TAN Hongbing. Chemical weathering degree and paleoenvironment of loess deposition in the northeast of qinghai-tibet plateau,China[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,2004,24(2):43 – 47. (in Chinese with English abstract) ZHANG Xiying, MA Haizhou, TAN Hongbing. Chemical weathering degree and paleoenvironment of loess deposition in the northeast of qinghai-tibet plateau, China［J］. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2004, 24（2）: 43 – 47. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[2]	鹿化煜,王先彦,孙雪峰,等. 钻探揭示的青藏高原东北部黄土地层与第四纪气候变化[J]. 第四纪研究,2007,27(2):230 – 241. [LU Huayu,WANG Xianyan,SUN Xuefeng,et al. Loess stratigraphy and palaeoclimate changes during quaternary in northeastern Tibetan Plateau revealed by loess core[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(2):230 – 241. (in Chinese with English abstract) LU Huayu, WANG Xianyan, SUN Xuefeng, et al. Loess stratigraphy and palaeoclimate changes during quaternary in northeastern Tibetan Plateau revealed by loess core［J］. Quaternary Sciences, 2007, 27（2）: 230 – 241. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[3]	ZHUANG Jianqi,PENG Jianbing,WANG Gonghui,et al. Prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides in the Loess Plateau,Yan’an,China,using the TRIGRS model[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2017,42(6):915 – 927. doi: 10.1002/esp.4050
[4]	黄志全,何鹏. 用有效降雨量监测黄土边坡稳定性的研究[J]. 华北水利水电学院学报,2007,28(6):53 – 55. [HUANG Zhiquan,HE Peng. Research of slope stability on effective rainfall[J]. Journal of North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power,2007,28(6):53 – 55. (in Chinese with English abstract) HUANG Zhiquan, HE Peng. Research of slope stability on effective rainfall［J］. Journal of North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, 2007, 28（6）: 53 – 55. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[5]	孙毅. 西宁市黄土滑坡发育特征及稳定性分析——以小酉山滑坡为例[D]. 西安:长安大学,2013. [SUN Yi. The development characteristics and stability analysis of Xining loess landslide[D]. Xi’an:Changan University,2013. (in Chinese with English abstract) SUN Yi. The development characteristics and stability analysis of Xining loess landslide[D]. Xi’an: Changan University, 2013. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[6]	王磊,李荣建,杨正午,等. 强降雨作用下黄土陡坡开裂特性测试[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2021,51(5):1338 – 1346. [WANG Lei, LI Rongjian, YANG Zhengwu, et al. Experimental study on cracking characteristics of loess steep slope under intensive rainfall[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2021, 51(5):1338 – 1346. (in Chinese with English abstract) WANG Lei, LI Rongjian, YANG Zhengwu, et al. Experimental study on cracking characteristics of loess steep slope under intensive rainfall［J］. Journal of Jilin University （Earth Science Edition）, 2021, 51（5）: 1338 – 1346. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[7]	WU T H,MCKINNELL W P,SWANSTON D N. Strength of tree roots and landslides on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1979,16(1):19 – 33. doi: 10.1139/t79-003
[8]	CHAU N L,CHU L M. Fern cover and the importance of plant traits in reducing erosion on steep soil slopes[J]. CATENA,2017,151:98 – 106. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2016.12.016
[9]	吴宏伟. 大气–植被–土体相互作用:理论与机理[J]. 岩土工程学报,2017,39(1):1 – 47. [WU Hongwei. Atmosphere-plant-soil interactions:theories and mechanisms[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2017,39(1):1 – 47. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.11779/CJGE201701001 WU Hongwei. Atmosphere-plant-soil interactions: theories and mechanisms［J］. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2017, 39（1）: 1 – 47. （in Chinese with English abstract） doi: 10.11779/CJGE201701001
[10]	SCHWARZ M,COHEN D,OR D. Pullout tests of root analogs and natural root bundles in soil:Experiments and modeling[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2011,116(F2):167 – 177.
[11]	刘银鹏,李同录,胡向阳,等. 陇东陕甘边界降雨水毁灾情调查与启示[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,2022,33(3):77 – 83. [LIU Yinpeng,LI Tonglu,HU Xiangyang,et al. Investigation of water induced damages triggered by rainfall in East Gansu and the implications[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2022,33(3):77 – 83. (in Chinese with English abstract) LIU Yinpeng, LI Tonglu, HU Xiangyang, et al. Investigation of water induced damages triggered by rainfall in East Gansu and the implications［J］. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2022, 33（3）: 77 – 83. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[12]	刘亚斌,胡夏嵩,余冬梅,等. 西宁盆地黄土区2种灌木植物根-土界面微观结构特征及摩擦特性试验[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(5):1270 – 1280. [LIU Yabin,HU Xiasong,YU Dongmei,et al. Microstructural features and friction characteristics of the interface of shrub roots and soil in loess area of Xining Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(5):1270 – 1280. (in Chinese with English abstract) LIU Yabin, HU Xiasong, YU Dongmei, et al. Microstructural features and friction characteristics of the interface of shrub roots and soil in loess area of Xining Basin［J］. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2018, 37（5）: 1270 – 1280. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[13]	周德培,张俊云. 植被护坡工程技术[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,2003:62. [ZHOU Depei, ZHANG Junyun. Bio-geotechnical technology of vegetation[M]. Beijing:China Communications Press,2003:62. (in Chinese) ZHOU Depei, ZHANG Junyun. Bio-geotechnical technology of vegetation［M］. Beijing: China Communications Press, 2003: 62. （in Chinese）
[14]	BEEK L P H,WINT J,CAMMERAAT L H,et al. Observation and simulation of root reinforcement on abandoned Mediterranean slopes[J]. Plant and Soil,2005,278(1/2):55 – 74.
[15]	陈世鐄. 中国北方草地植物根系[M]. 长春:吉林大学出版社,2001. [CHEN Shihuang. Root system of grassland plants in northern China[M]. Changchun:Jilin University Press,2001. (in Chinese) CHEN Shihuang. Root system of grassland plants in northern China［M］. Changchun: Jilin University Press, 2001. （in Chinese）
[16]	VERGANI C,GIADROSSICH F,BUCKLEY P,et al. Root reinforcement dynamics of European coppice woodlands and their effect on shallow landslides:a review[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,2017,167:88-102. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.02.002
[17]	STOKES A,ATGER C,BENGOUGH A G,et al. Desirable plant root traits for protecting natural and engineered slopes against landslides[J]. Plant and Soil,2009,324(1/2):1 – 30.
[18]	李同录,李颖喆,赵丹旗,等. 对水致黄土斜坡破坏模式及稳定性分析原则的思考[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报,2022,33(2):25 – 32. [LI Tonglu,LI Yingzhe,ZHAO Danqi,et al. Thoughts on modes of loess slope failure triggered by water infiltration and the principals for stability analysis[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2022,33(2):25 – 32. (in Chinese with English abstract) LI Tonglu, LI Yingzhe, ZHAO Danqi, et al. Thoughts on modes of loess slope failure triggered by water infiltration and the principals for stability analysis［J］. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2022, 33（2）: 25 – 32. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[19]	王志涛. 青海省东部地区几种野生和引进树种育苗及造林技术研究[D]. 杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009. [WANG Zhitao. The study on breeding and afforestation of several wild and introduction species at the eastern part of Qinghai Province[D]. Yangling:Northwest A & F University,2009. (in Chinese with English abstract) WANG Zhitao. The study on breeding and afforestation of several wild and introduction species at the eastern part of Qinghai Province［D］. Yangling: Northwest A & F University, 2009. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[20]	杨占武,喇臣梅,陈武生. 乡土植物在青海省高等级公路绿化中的应用[J]. 青海农林科技,2010,(4):64–67. [YANG Zhanwu,LA Chenmei,CHEN Wusheng. Applications on native plants in Qinghai highway greening[J]. Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry,2010,(4):64–67. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9967.2010.04.024 YANG Zhanwu, LA Chenmei, CHEN Wusheng. Applications on native plants in Qinghai highway greening［J］. Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry, 2010, （4）: 64–67. （in Chinese with English abstract） doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9967.2010.04.024
[21]	毕建琦,杜峰,梁宗锁,等. 黄土高原丘陵区不同立地条件下柠条根系研究[J]. 林业科学研究,2006,19(2):225 – 230. [BI Jianqi,DU Feng,LIANG Zongsuo,et al. Research on root system of caragana korshinskii at different site conditions in the hilly regions of loess plateau[J]. Forest Research,2006,19(2):225 – 230. (in Chinese with English abstract) BI Jianqi, DU Feng, LIANG Zongsuo, et al. Research on root system of caragana korshinskii at different site conditions in the hilly regions of loess plateau［J］. Forest Research, 2006, 19（2）: 225 – 230. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[22]	牛西午,丁玉川,张强,等. 柠条根系发育特征及有关生理特性研究[J]. 西北植物学报,2003,23(5):860 – 865. [NIU Xiwu,DING Yuchuan,ZHANG Qiang,et al. Studies on the characteristics of caragana root development and some relevant physiology[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2003,23(5):860-865. (in Chinese with English abstract) NIU Xiwu, DING Yuchuan, ZHANG Qiang, et al. Studies on the characteristics of caragana root development and some relevant physiology［J］. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2003, 23（5）: 860-865. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[23]	张文文,郭忠升,宁婷,等. 黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林密度对土壤水分和柠条生长的影响[J]. 生态学报,2015,35(3):725 – 732. [ZHANG Wenwen,GUO Zhongsheng,NING Ting,et al. The effects of plant density on soil water and plant growth on semi-arid loess hilly region[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(3):725-732. (in Chinese with English abstract) ZHANG Wenwen, GUO Zhongsheng, NING Ting, et al. The effects of plant density on soil water and plant growth on semi-arid loess hilly region［J］. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35（3）: 725-732. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[24]	胡崇礼. 青海高原干旱、半干旱地区几个灌木树种抗性生理研究初报[J]. 青海农林科技,1985(4):24 – 31. [HU Chongli. Preliminary report on resistance physiology of several shrub species in arid and semi-arid areas of Qinghai Plateau[J]. Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry,1985(4):24 – 31. (in Chinese) HU Chongli. Preliminary report on resistance physiology of several shrub species in arid and semi-arid areas of Qinghai Plateau［J］. Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry, 1985（4）: 24 – 31. （in Chinese）
[25]	DUPUY L,FOURCAUD T,STOKES A. A numerical investigation into the influence of soil type and root architecture on tree anchorage[J]. Plant and Soil,2005,278(1/2):119 – 134.
[26]	MICKOVSKI S B,BENGOUGH A G,BRANSBY M F,et al. Material stiffness,branching pattern and soil matric potential affect the pullout resistance of model root systems[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2007,58(6):1471 – 1481. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00953.x
[27]	LIU Ying,JIA Zhiqing,GU Lan,et al. Vertical and lateral uprooting resistance of Salix matsudana Koidz in a riparian area[J]. The Forestry Chronicle,2013,89(2):162 – 168. doi: 10.5558/tfc2013-033
[28]	常婧美,王桂尧,胡圣辉,等. 灌木根系几何特性对拉拔力影响的试验研究[J]. 水土保持通报,2018,38(6):67 – 73. [CHANG Jingmei,WANG Guiyao,HU Shenghui,et al. Experimental study on effects of geometric characteristics of shrub roots on pulling force[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,38(6):67 – 73. (in Chinese with English abstract) CHANG Jingmei, WANG Guiyao, HU Shenghui, et al. Experimental study on effects of geometric characteristics of shrub roots on pulling force［J］. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 38（6）: 67 – 73. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[29]	SU Lijun,HU Bingli,XIE Qijun,et al. Experimental and theoretical study of mechanical properties of root-soil interface for slope protection[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2020,17(11):2784-2795. doi: 10.1007/s11629-020-6077-4
[30]	ZHANG Chaobo,LIU Yating,LIU Pengchong,et al. Untangling the influence of soil moisture on root pullout property of alfafa plant[J]. Journal of Arid Land,2020,12(4):666 – 675. doi: 10.1007/s40333-020-0017-6
[31]	JI Xiaodong,CONG Xu,DAI Xianqing,et al. Studying the mechanical properties of the soil – root interface using the pullout test method[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2018,15(4):882 – 893. doi: 10.1007/s11629-015-3791-4
[32]	ZHOU Yue,WATTS D,LI Yuhui,et al. A case study of effect of lateral roots of Pinus yunnanensis on shallow soil reinforcement[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1998,103(2/3):107 – 120.
[33]	于淼. 土层锚杆受力机理的现场试验研究[D]. 南宁:广西大学,2005. [YU Miao. Research of experiment about mechanics of soil anchor subjecting to force on the spot[D]. Nanning:Guangxi University,2005. (in Chinese with English abstract) YU Miao. Research of experiment about mechanics of soil anchor subjecting to force on the spot［D］. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2005. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[34]	李玉山. 黄土高原森林植被对陆地水循环影响的研究[J]. 自然资源学报,2001,16(5):427 – 432. [LI Yushan. Effects of forest on water circle on the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(5):427 – 432. (in Chinese with English abstract) LI Yushan. Effects of forest on water circle on the Loess Plateau［J］. Journal of Natural Resources, 2001, 16（5）: 427 – 432. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[35]	中国人民解放军总参谋部. 中华人民共和国国家军用标准:土钉支护技术规范GJB 5055—2006[S]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社,2006. [General staff of the Chinese people’s Liberation Army. National military standard of the people's Republic of China:Technical specification for soil nailed support GJB 5055 – 2006[S]. Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2006. (in Chinese) General staff of the Chinese people’s Liberation Army. National military standard of the people's Republic of China: Technical specification for soil nailed support GJB 5055 – 2006［S］. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2006. （in Chinese）
[36]	刘亚斌,王芃,王舒,等. 灌木柠条锦鸡儿根—黄土状盐渍土界面相互作用力学特性[J]. 水土保持研究,2022,29(4):127 – 132. [LIU Yabin,WANG Peng,WANG Shu,et al. Mechanical properties of the interface interaction between caragana korshinskii kom. root and loess-like saline soil[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2022,29(4):127 – 132. (in Chinese with English abstract) LIU Yabin, WANG Peng, WANG Shu, et al. Mechanical properties of the interface interaction between caragana korshinskii kom. root and loess-like saline soil［J］. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022, 29（4）: 127 – 132. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[37]	GHESTEM M,VEYLON G,BERNARD A,et al. Influence of plant root system morphology and architectural traits on soil shear resistance[J]. Plant and Soil,2014,377(1/2):43 – 61.
[38]	韩帅. 天水地区强降雨诱发黄土—泥岩滑坡机理实验研究[D]. 北京:中国地质科学院,2020. [HAN Shuai. Experimental study on the mechanism of loess-mudstone landslide induced by heavy rainfall in Tianshui area[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,2020. (in Chinese with English abstract) HAN Shuai. Experimental study on the mechanism of loess-mudstone landslide induced by heavy rainfall in Tianshui area[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 2020. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[39]	张云伟,刘跃明,周跃. 云南松侧根摩擦型根土粘合键的破坏机制及模型[J]. 山地学报,2002,20(5):628 – 631. [ZHANG Yunwei,LIU Yueming,ZHOU Yue. Study for the destroy principle and model of the Yunnan pine’s lateral root-soil friction bond[J]. Journal of Mountain Research,2002,20(5):628-631. (in Chinese with English abstract) ZHANG Yunwei, LIU Yueming, ZHOU Yue. Study for the destroy principle and model of the Yunnan pine’s lateral root-soil friction bond［J］. Journal of Mountain Research, 2002, 20（5）: 628-631. （in Chinese with English abstract）
[40]	程积民,万惠娥,王静,等. 半干旱区柠条生长与土壤水分消耗过程研究[J]. 林业科学,2005,41(2):37 – 41. [CHENG Jimin,WAN Huie,WANG Jing,et al. Growth of caragana korshinskii and depletion process of soil water in semi-arid region[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(2):37 – 41. (in Chinese with English abstract) CHENG Jimin, WAN Huie, WANG Jing, et al. Growth of caragana korshinskii and depletion process of soil water in semi-arid region［J］. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41（2）: 37 – 41. （in Chinese with English abstract）