Analysis of the control effect of faults on material sources of debris flows in the red bed region of eastern Tibet: A case study of Waqu middle reaches in Gongjue County, Tibet
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摘要: 哇曲为金沙江二级支流，位于藏东昌都红层地区贡觉县，流域中游为高山峡谷区，是县域内典型的降雨型泥石流集中发育区。该区泥石流在发育密度、规模、活动性等特征上均高于全县平均水平，且泥石流的发育表现出了与断裂的强烈相关性。基于现场调查，结合无人机航空摄影对哇曲流域泥石流发育特征和主要影响因素进行了探讨分析，得到以下结论：（1）哇曲中游集中发育19条小—中型降雨型泥石流，发育密度0.84条/km，远高于全县0.009条/km2的平均水平；左岸泥石流在发育密度、流域面积、主沟长度、堆积体积等特征上均高于（大于）右岸，左右岸泥石流呈明显差异分布。（2）哇曲中游右岸泥石流物源以风化碎屑类物源为主，呈全沟域分布；左岸泥石流以崩滑物源和风化碎屑为主，集中分区在沟谷中上游，总量较右岸大，其中断层破碎带内物源量占比大，成为左岸泥石流的主要物源。（3）断裂是影响哇曲中游泥石流集中发育且呈现差异分布的最主要因素，主要体现在对物源条件的控制上。（4）断裂以改变岩体结构、控制地层分布、改变微地貌和地下水条件等方式控制泥石流物源条件，导致两岸泥石流物源形成速率和物源量明显不同，成为泥石流差异分布的根本原因。Abstract: Waqu, a second-order tributary of the Jinsha River, is located in Gongjue County within the red bed region of Changdu, eastern Tibet. The middle reaches of the basin form a high-mountain canyon zone, serving as a distinctive locus of concentrated rainfall-induced debris flow development area in the county. The density, scale, and activity of debris flow in this area surpass the county’s average level, and the debris flows show a strong correlation with fault structures. Based on field investigation and UAV aerial photography, this paper discusses and scrutinizes the developmental characteristics and principal influencing factors of debris flow within Waqu basin. The findings are as follows: (1) 19 small to medium-scale rainfall-induced debris flows are intensively developed in the middle reaches of the Waqu River, with a development density of 0.84 flows/km, significantly higher than the country-wide average of 0.009 flows/km2. Debris flow on the left bank are characterized by higher development density, drainage area, main channel length, and deposition volume compared to those on the right bank, showing distinct differences in distribution. (2) Debris flow sources on the right bank of the middle reaches are primarily composed of weathered detrital material, distributed throughout the entire watershed. On the left bank, debris flows are dominated by rockslide debris and weathered detrital material, primarily concentrated in the upper and middle reaches of the valley, with a larger overall volume compared to the right bank. The proportion of debris flow sources within the fractured zone of the fault is significant, making it a primary source for debris flows on the left bank. (3) Fault structures are the most significant factor influencing the concentrated development and distinct distribution of debris flows in the middle reaches of the Waqu river, primarily in controlling source conditions. (4) Faults control debris flow source conditions by altering rock mass structure, controlling stratum distribution, modifying microtopography, and changing groundwater conditions, leading to significant differences in source formation rates and volumes between the two banks, which is the fundamental cause of the differential distribution of debris flows.
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图 2 哇曲中游泥石流分布图
Figure 2. Distribution map of debris flows in the middle reaches of Waqu River
图 4 左右岸泥石流堆积物差异特征
注：a 为左右岸泥石流堆积范围（镜向75°）；b 为左岸泥石流堆积物（镜向40°）；c为右岸泥石流堆积物（镜向45°）。
Figure 4. Differential characteristics of debris flow deposits on the left and right banks
图 5 研究区泥石流最大堆积粒径图
Figure 5. Maximum deposit particle size of debris flow in the study area
图 6 研究区泥石流累计堆积体积
Figure 6. Cumulative deposit volume of debris flows in the study area
图 9 研究区地质背景剖面图（剖面位置见图2中的A-A’）
Figure 9. Geological background profile of the study area (Profile Location indicated by A-A’ in Figure 2)
图 11 灰岩崩落
注：（a） 为灰岩突出地表崩落，镜向350°；（b） 为构造内灰岩，镜向233°。
Figure 11. Schematic view of limestone collapse
图 12 哇曲左岸断层地貌特征
Figure 12. Geomorphic features of fault on the left bank of Waqu river
图 13 岩体渗水特征（镜向150°）
Figure 13. Seepage characteristics of rock mass （Mirror Direction 150°）
表 1 哇曲中游泥石流特征参数
Table 1. Characteristic parameters of debris flows in the middle reaches of Waqu River
编号 岸别 流域
面积/km2主沟
长度/km流域
高差/m主沟
纵比降/‰累计堆积
体积/m301 左岸 2.06 1.77 760 191 8 492 02 左岸 0.78 1.49 688 247 6 461 03 左岸 2.51 2.10 716 193 48 550 04 左岸 0.79 1.28 628 309 38 922 05 左岸 1.51 1.96 597 212 86 558 06 左岸 0.71 1.54 579 297 3 454 07 左岸 1.85 1.93 653 225 23 717 08 左岸 0.54 1.52 675 355 7 778 09 左岸 0.54 1.48 593 293 6 186 10 左岸 8.50 3.51 722 153 21 259 11 左岸 2.56 3.10 618 142 10 791 12 左岸 0.57 1.06 600 228 31 265 13 右岸 1.01 1.19 596 226 2 430 14 右岸 0.65 1.01 538 290 10 742 15 右岸 0.70 1.25 580 269 4 772 16 右岸 1.34 1.35 589 258 10 823 17 右岸 1.79 1.81 661 169 1 722 18 右岸 1.80 2.93 680 135 39 312 19 右岸 1.19 2.03 503 139 9 687 
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表 2 泥石流物源储量
Table 2. Debris flow source material reserves
编号 岸别 物源体积/m3 破碎带内物源占比/% 01 左岸 171 413 70 02 左岸 116 969 83 03 左岸 227 473 73 04 左岸 91 716 79 05 左岸 130 084 71 06 左岸 92 651 81 07 左岸 140 969 67 08 左岸 34 633 65 09 左岸 36 111 62 10 左岸 440 095 52 11 左岸 64 100 — 12 左岸 17 040 — 13 右岸 61 230 — 14 右岸 38 395 — 15 右岸 41 390 — 16 右岸 79 340 — 17 右岸 89 430 — 18 右岸 86 785 — 19 右岸 59 100 —
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表 3 流域内断层特征参数
Table 3. Characteristic parameters of faults within the watershed
断层编号 性质 走向/（°） 破碎带宽度/m 活动性 JF1 逆冲 320 200 更新世 JF2 逆冲 335 180 更新世 JF3 正断层 330 — 更新世
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