Analysis on deformation mechanism of the lingwan village landslide in Shaanxi Province section of the West-East Gas Pipeline Project
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摘要: 以西气东输管道余家坪镇岭湾村一处正在变形的黄土滑坡为研究对象，基于现场勘察、InSAR、GNSS监测和深部位移监测等，分析滑坡2017年～2022年的变形特征及滑坡成因机制。研究表明：滑坡地下水位已达坡脚，滑坡前缘形成多处“土溜”，滑坡地表垂直潜蚀裂缝发育，后缘可见贯通的裂缝，滑坡内管道周边裂缝发育；InSAR数据显示滑坡一直缓慢变形，年变形量在2.0～4.0 cm之间； GNSS变形及裂缝变形显示，2020年8月至今地表变形速率增大，变形明显，变形量在4～10 cm；深部变形监测数据变化量在0.05～1.36 mm，变化很小；降雨及土体含水率数据分析表明滑坡在暴雨后发生位移变形。综合分析监测数据表明，岭湾村滑坡属于降雨诱发的浅层滑坡；区域内的自然强降雨、人类工程经济活动作为滑坡的诱发因素，对滑坡的发生及发展作用明显。结合管道应变监测数据，目前西气东输管道遭受滑坡灾害的风险可控。Abstract: Based on field investigation, InSAR, GNSS monitoring, and deep displacement monitoring, a deformed loess landslide in Lingwan Village, Yujiaping Town, West-East Gas Pipeline Project was analyzed to understand its deformation characteristics and landslide formation mechanism from 2017 to 2022. The analysis shows that the groundwater level of the landslide has reached the toe of the slope, and numerous soil slips have been formed at the front edge of the landslide. The surface of the landslide exhibits vertical subsurface erosion cracks, while the penetrating cracks can be seen at the trailing edge. InSAR data shows that the landslide has been slowly deformed, with an annual deformation rate between 2.0 ～ 4.0 cm. GNSS deformation and crack deformation show that since August 2020, the surface deformation rate has increased significantly, with a deformation rate between 4.0 ～ 10.0 cm. The variation of deep deformation monitoring data is minimal, between 0.05 to 1.36mm. Analysis of rainfall and soil moisture data shows that the landslide has displacement deformation after rainstorm. The comprehensive analysis of monitoring data reveals that the landslide in Lingwan Village is a shallow landslide induced by rainfall. Natural heavy rainfall and human engineering economic activities in the region are the primary inducing factors for the occurrence and development of landslide. Combined with pipeline strain monitoring data, the risk of landslide disasters in Shaanxi Province section of West-East Gas Pipeline Project is controllable.
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图 1 子长市岭湾村滑坡平面分布图
Figure 1. Landslide location plane map of Lingwan Village, Zichang City
图 2 子长市岭湾村滑坡地质剖面图
Figure 2. Landslide geological cross-section profile of Lingwan Village, Zichang City
图 3 子长市岭湾村滑坡监测点分布图
Figure 3. Distribution map of Landslide monitoring points in Lingwan Village, Zichang City
图 5 研究区年平均沉降速率拟合图
Figure 5. Contour fitting plot of annual average ground subsidence rate in the study area
图 6 滑坡区周边年平均沉降速率拟合图
Figure 6. 5 Contour fitting plot of annual average ground subsidence rate around the landslide area
图 7 滑坡中前部贯通性裂缝及地表下陷
Figure 7. The Penetrating cracks and the ground surface subsidence in the mid-to-front area of the landslide
图 8 滑坡中部平台地表发育潜蚀洞穴
Figure 8. Development of suffusion caves on the ground surface of the central area of the landsilde
图 14 研究区降雨量监测曲线图（上图：2020年,下图：2021年）
Figure 14. Rainfall monitoring curve in the study area (above:2020, below:2021)
图 17 岭湾村滑坡及周边地表水及地下水排泄路径
Figure 17. Surface Water and Groundwater drainage paths in the surrounding area of the landslide in Lingwan Village
图 18 坡体前缘地下水沿红土层顶部外渗形成泥流
Figure 18. Formation of mudflow caused by groundwater seepage along the top of the red soil layer at the front edge of the landslide
表 1 子长市岭湾村滑坡监测点布置情况
Table 1. Summary of Landslide Monitoring Points in Lingwan Village, Zichang City
序号 输气管道 监测点位置 监测要素 安装时间 1 西气东输管道 子长市余家坪镇岭湾村 雨量（1个）、裂缝（2个）、孔隙水压力（3个）、位移（3个）、
深部位移（3个）、含水率（3个）、应变计（3个截面）2019年12月 
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表 2 主要监测设备参数
Table 2. Main Monitoring Equipment Parameters
序号 监测要素 监测设备 参数指标 1 地表位移监测 一体化GNSS形变自动监测站 一体化GNSS形变自动检测站全星座支持；精度平面：±（2.5 mm+0.5*10-6D），高程：±（5 mm+0.5*10-6D） 2 深部位移监测 一体化深部测斜监测站 量程：±10 °C；测量精度：±0.1%FS；长期稳定性：±0.25%FS/年；分辨率：±10弧秒（±0.05 mm/m）。 3 地表裂缝监测 一体化表面裂缝自动监测站 测量范围：0～5000 mm；测量方向：双向；测量精度：±0.1%mmFS；拉线材质：铟钢丝。 4 地下水位监测 测压管及透气型渗压计 量程：35 m；精度等级：±0.05～±0.2%FS；非线性度：±0.1～±0.2%FS；
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表 3 岭湾村滑坡区域时序地表形变量分析（2017.3—2020.4）
Table 3. Time-series surface deformation analysis of Lingwan Village landslide (2017.3—2020.4）
时间 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 3—6月 7—12月 1—6月 7—12月 1—6月 7—12月 1—4月 累计形变量（mm） -6.81mm -4.31mm -6.64mm -8.57mm -4.87mm -4.41mm -0.29mm
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表 4 地表位移监测数据分析表（mm）
Table 4. Summary table of surface displacement monitoring data（mm）
监测单元 监测要素 数据范围 变化量 变化方向 监测周期 变化趋势 GNSS地表位移监测1 地表位移1_综合 3.6～176 mm 172.4 mm 向东北移动（88°） 829天 低速变形 地表位移1东西向 −2.8～83.2 mm 86.0 mm 向东移动 地表位移1南北向 1.7～−1.6 mm 3.3mm 向南移动 地表位移1垂直方向 −1.4～−154.6 mm 149.9 mm 向下移动 GNSS地表位移监测2 地表位移2_综合 4.2～173 mm 168.8 mm 向东北移动（67°） 829天 低速变形 地表位移2东西向 −1.8～91.5 mm 93.3 mm 向东移动 地表位移2南北向 1.1～36.8 mm 35.7 mm 向北移动 地表位移2垂直方向 3.8～−141.3 mm 145.1 mm 向下移动
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表 5 地表裂缝监测数据分析表（mm）
Table 5. Summary table of surface crack monitoring data (mm)
序号 管道桩号 监测要素 数据范围 变化量 监测周期 当前变化趋势 1 DD282 地表裂缝1 0～78 mm 78 mm 829天 低速变形 地表裂缝2 0～151 mm 151 mm 829天 低速变形
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表 6 深部位移监测数据分析表 （mm）
Table 6. Summary table of deep displacement monitoring data（mm）
序号 管道桩号 监测点位及传感器埋深（m） 数据范围 变化量 变化方向 当前变化趋势 1 DD282 深部位移1_13 m 1.02～2.38 mm 1.36 mm 58° 基本稳定 深部位移1_24 m 14.45～15.47 mm 1.02 mm 58° 基本稳定 深部位移1_31 m 21.10～21.56 mm 0.46 mm 58° 基本稳定 2 深部位移2_13 m 10.90～10.83 mm 0.05 mm 58° 基本稳定 深部位移2_24 m 13.55～12.26 mm 0.07 mm 58° 基本稳定 深部位移2_31 m 7.92～7.32 mm 0.60 mm 58° 基本稳定 3 深部位移3_13 m 16.77～18.10 mm 1.33 mm 58° 基本稳定 深部位移3_25 m 21.03～20.41 mm 0.62 mm 58° 基本稳定 深部位移3_32 m 19.36～19.45 mm 0.09 mm 58° 基本稳定
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表 7 雨量监测数据分析表（mm）
Table 7. Summary of Rainfall monitoring data（mm）
序号 管道桩号 监测要素 数据范围 单日最大降雨量 周期累计降雨量 备注（累计降雨量发生周期） 1 DD282 雨量 0～138.5 mm 138.5 mm 221.5 mm 2020年8月2日—6日
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